Incidence of bradycardia during noradrenaline or phenylephrine bolus treatment of postspinal hypotension in cesarean delivery: A randomized double-blinded controlled trial.

The treatment of choice for spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension during cesarean section is phenylephrine. As this vasopressor can cause reflex bradycardia, noradrenaline is a suggested alternative. This randomized double-blinded controlled trial included 76 parturients undergoing elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. Women received noradrenaline in bolus doses of 5 mcg or phenylephrine in bolus doses of 100 mcg. These drugs were used intermittently and therapeutically to maintain systolic blood pressure ≥ 90% of its baseline value. The primary study outcome was bradycardia incidence (<60 bpm) with intermittent bolus administration of these drugs. Secondary outcomes included extreme bradycardia (<40 bpm), number of bradycardia episodes, hypertension (systolic blood pressure > 120% of baseline value), and hypotension (systolic blood pressure < 90% of baseline value and requiring vasopressor use). Neonatal outcomes per the Apgar scale and umbilical cord blood gas analysis were also compared. The incidence of bradycardia in both groups (51.4% and 70.3%, respectively; p = 0.16) were not significantly different. No neonates had umbilical vein or artery pH values below 7.20. The noradrenaline group required more boluses than phenylephrine group (8 vs. 5; p = 0.01). There was no significant intergroup difference in any of the other secondary outcomes. When administered in intermittent bolus doses for the treatment of postspinal hypotension in elective cesarean delivery, noradrenaline, and phenylephrine have a similar incidence of bradycardia. When treating hypotension related to spinal anesthesia in obstetric cases, strong vasopressors are commonly administered, thought these can also have side effects. This trial assessed bradycardia after bolus administration of noradrenaline or phenylephrine, and found no difference in risk for clinically meaningful bradycardia.

CYP2D6 isoenzyme and ABCB1 gene polymorphisms associated with postoperative nausea and vomiting in women undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a randomized trial.

INTRODUCTION: Postoperative nausea and vomiting is still a common complication. Serotonin receptor antagonists are commonly used in clinical practice for antiemetic prophylaxis. Interindividual variations in drug response, including single nucleotide polymorphisms, are related to pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes in these drugs and may lead to a poor therapeutic response. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of CYP2D6 isoenzyme and ABCB1 gene polymorphisms on the frequency of postoperative nausea and vomiting with the use of ondansetron or palonosetron. METHODS: A randomized, double-blind clinical trial including 82 women aged 60 years or over undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy was conducted. Patients were randomized to receive either ondansetron or palonosetron for postoperative nausea and vomiting prophylaxis. DNA was extracted from saliva. Genetic polymorphisms were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The following polymorphisms were analyzed: rs3892097 C/T, rs1128503 A/G, rs16947 A/G, rs1065852 A/G, rs1045642 A/G, rs2032582 C/A, and rs20325821 C/A. RESULTS: Overall, vomiting, and severe nausea occurred in 22.5% and 57.5% of patients, respectively. In the palonosetron group, patients with the GG genotype (rs16947 A/G) experienced more severe nausea (p = 0.043). In the ondansetron group, patients with the AA genotype (rs16947 A/G) presented mild nausea (p = 0.034), and those with the AA genotype (rs1065852 A/G) experienced more vomiting (p = 0.034). CONCLUSION: A low antiemetic response was observed with ondansetron in the presence of the AA genotype (rs16947 A/G) and the AA genotype (rs1065852 A/G), and a low therapeutic response was found with palonosetron in the presence of the GG genotype (rs16947 A/G) in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. REGISTER: ClinicalTrials.gov.

Evaluation of right ventricular function during liver transplantation with transesophageal echocardiography.

BACKGROUND: The pathophysiology of advanced liver cirrhosis may induce alterations in the circulatory system that may be challenging for the anesthesiologist to manage intraoperatively, and perioperative cardiovascular events are associated with worse outcomes in cirrhotic patients undergoing liver transplantation. It remains controversial whether right ventricular function is impaired during this procedure. Studies using transesophageal echocardiography for quantitative analysis of the right ventricle remain scarce in this setting, yielding conflicting results. The aim of this study was to perform a quantitative assessment of right ventricular function with two parameters derived from transesophageal echocardiography during liver transplantation. METHODS: Nineteen adult patients of both genders undergoing liver transplantation were evaluated in this observational study. The exclusion criteria were age under 18 or above 65 years old, fulminant hepatic failure, hepatopulmonary syndrome, portopulmonary hypertension, cardiopulmonary disease, and contraindications to the transesophageal echocardiogram. Right ventricular function was assessed at five stages during liver transplantation: baseline, hepatectomy, anhepatic, postreperfusion, and closure by measuring tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion and right ventricular fractional area change obtained with transesophageal echocardiography. RESULTS: Right ventricular function was found to be normal throughout the procedure. The tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion showed a trend toward a decrease in the anhepatic phase compared to baseline (2.0 ± 0.9 cm vs. 2.4 ± 0.7 cm; P = 0.24) but with full recovery after reperfusion. Right ventricular fractional area change remained nearly constant during all stages studied (minimum: 50% ± 10 at baseline and anhepatic phase; maximum: 56% ± 12 at postreperfusion; P = 0.24). CONCLUSIONS: Right ventricular function was preserved during liver transplantation at the time points evaluated by two quantitative parameters derived from transesophageal echocardiogram.

Comparative Study Between Fosaprepitant and Palonosetron in the Prophylaxis of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Women Undergoing Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: Prospective, Randomized and Double-Blind Study.

Objective: To test the hypothesis that the single use of fosaprepitant is not inferior to the use of palonosetron as antiemetic prophylaxis in the first 48 h after surgery in women undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Method: Eighty-eight nonsmoking women (American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I or II) aged between 18 and 60 years who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy received 150 mg of fosaprepitant or 75 µg of palonosetron, administered intravenously after the induction of general anesthesia. Results: In the fosaprepitant group and in the palonosetron group, 13.6 and 18.2% of the patients, respectively, vomited in the first 48 h after surgery (p = 0.560). There were no differences between groups in the total frequency and intensity of nausea, number of complete responders, need for rescue medication, time required for the first rescue medication dose or number of adverse events. Conclusion: The administration of a single dose of fosaprepitant after the induction of anesthesia was as effective as the administration of a single dose of palonosetron for the prophylaxis of vomiting in the first 48 h after surgery in women undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Effects of rocuronium, sugammadex and rocuronium-sugammadex complex on coagulation in rats / Efeitos do rocurônio, sugamadex e complexo rocurônio-sugamadex sobre a coagulação em ratos

Abstract Background and objectives: Sugammadex is an alternative pharmacological drug capable of reversing neuromuscular blockades without the limitations that are presented by anticholinesterase drugs. Coagulation disorders that are related to treatment with sugammadex were reported. The exact mechanism of the effects on coagulation are not fully understood. The objective of this research is to evaluate the effects of rocuronium, sugammadex and the rocuronium-sugammadex complex on coagulation in an experimental model in rats. Methods: This is an experimental randomized animal study. Wistar rats were randomly assigned into the following groups: the Control Group; the Ssal Group - 0.5 mL of intravenous saline; the Sugammadex Group - intravenous sugammadex (100 mg kg−1); and the Rocuronium-Sugammadex Group - intravenous solution with rocuronium (3.75 mg kg−1) and sugammadex (100 mg kg−1). Anesthesia was performed by using isoflurane with controlled ventilation. Coagulation factors were measured 10 minutes after the end of the preoperative preparation and 30 minutes after the administration of the drugs in accordance with the chosen groups. Results: Platelet counts, prothrombin times, and activated partial thromboplastin times were similar between the groups and between the moments within each group. There were reductions in the plasma fibrinogen levels between sample times 1 and 2 in the Rocuronium-Sugammadex group (p = 0.035). Conclusions: The rocuronium-sugammadex complex promoted reductions in plasma fibrinogen counts, although the levels were still within normal limits.

Resumo Introdução e objetivos: O sugamadex é uma substância farmacológica alternativa capaz de reverter o bloqueio neuromuscular sem as limitações apresentadas pelos anticolinesterásicos. Entretanto, há relatos de transtornos de coagulação relacionados ao tratamento com sugamadex sem que mecanismos exatos de seus efeitos sobre a coagulação sejam totalmente compreendidos. O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi avaliar os efeitos do rocurônio, sugamadex e do complexo rocurônio-sugamadex sobre a coagulação em um modelo experimental com ratos. Métodos: Este é um estudo randomizado experimental animal. Ratos Wistar foram aleatoriamente designados aos seguintes grupos: grupo controle; Grupo Ssal - 0,5 mL de solução salina intravenosa; Grupo sugamadex - sugamadex intravenoso (100 mg.kg-1); e Grupo rocurônio-sugamadex - solução intravenosa com rocurônio (3,75 mg.kg-1) e sugamadex (100 mg.kg-1). A anestesia foi realizada utilizando-se isoflurano com ventilação controlada. Os fatores de coagulação foram medidos 10 minutos após o final do preparo pré-operatório e 30 minutos após a administração de drogas de acordo com os grupos escolhidos. Resultados: Contagem de plaquetas, tempo de protrombina e tempo de tromboplastina parcial ativada foram semelhantes entre os grupos e entre os momentos dentro de cada grupo. Houve redução nos níveis de fibrinogênio plasmático entre os tempos 1 e 2 no grupo rocurônio-sugamadex (p = 0,035). Conclusões: O complexo rocurônio-sugamadex promoveu reduções na contagem de fibrinogênio plasmático, apesar de os níveis continuarem dentro dos limites normais.

Sagittal abdominal diameter as a marker of visceral obesity in older primary care patients.

BACKGROUND: Longevity, combined with a higher prevalence of obesity, particularly visceral obesity, has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. Insulin resistance (IR) is an important link between visceral obesity and cardiovascular diseases. An important association has been found between sagittal abdominal diameter, visceral obesity and IR. The objective of this study is to evaluate sagittal abdominal diameter as a marker of visceral obesity and correlate it with IR in older primary health care patients. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed with 389 patients over 60 years of age (70.6 ± 6.9), of whom 74% were female. Their clinical, anthropometric and metabolic profiles were assessed and their fasting serum insulin level was used to calculate the homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Sagittal abdominal diameter was measured in the supine position at the midpoint between the iliac crest and the last rib with abdominal calipers. RESULTS: Sagittal abdominal diameter was significantly correlated with anthropometric measures of general and visceral obesity and with HOMA-IR in both genders. There was no change in the association between sagittal abdominal diameter and HOMA-IR after adjusting for age, sex, diabetes and hypertension. CONCLUSION: It is feasible to use sagittal abdominal diameter in older primary care patients as a tool to evaluate visceral obesity, which is an indicator of cardiovascular risk.

A prospective, randomized, double-blind trial to compare body weight-adjusted and fixed doses of palonosetron for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting in obese female patients.

BACKGROUND: Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is a common postsurgical complication. Palonosetron is effective for PONV prevention at the usual dose of 75 µg, but the ideal dose for obese patients has not yet been investigated. The aim of this study was to compare body weight-adjusted and fixed doses of palonosetron for preventing PONV in obese female patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a prospective, randomized, double-blind trial involving 80 female patients, aged 18-80 years with an American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status of 2 and 3 and a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg m-2 who were scheduled to undergo elective breast surgery. Patients received an intravenous body weight-adjusted dose of palonosetron (1 µg kg -1, GI = 40 patients) or a fixed dose of palonosetron (75 µg, GII = 40 patients). All patients received dexamethasone (4 mg). The incidence of PONV, complete response rate (CR), severity of nausea and need for rescue antiemetics and analgesics were assessed at: 0-1 h, 1-6 h, 6-24 h and 24-48 h postoperatively. RESULTS: The mean (± SD) BMI was 35.0 (±5.2) kg m-2 for GI and 35.7 (±3.6) kg m-2 for GII. There was no significant difference between groups in PONV incidence, CR, severity of nausea, and need for rescue antiemetics or analgesics. The incidence of PONV for GI and GII was 15% and 27.5%, respectively, during the first 48 h (P = 0.17). CONCLUSIONS: A body weight-adjusted dose of palonosetron was as effective as 75 µg for preventing PONV for 48 h in obese female patients who underwent breast surgery. Hence, the fixed dose may be preferable to the body weight-adjusted dose.

[Implementing a chronic pain ambulatory care: preliminary results]. / Implementação de atendimento ambulatorial para dor crônica: resultados preliminares.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Pain is one of the most common reason for seeking medical care. This study aimed to analyze patients with chronic pain in Maricá, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. METHODS: A transversal retrospective study with 200 patients, who were treated in ambulatory care in a public hospital from June 2014 to December 2015. The variables analyzed were: pain intensity, type of pain, anatomical location, diagnosis and treatment. The data were submitted to statistical analysis, the Fisher's exact test was applied, and the probability p was significant when ≤0.05. RESULTS: We analyzed 200 patients with chronic pain, most of them female (83%). Mean age was 58.6±13.01 years old. The patients were classified in groups by age, six groups with ten years of difference between them. Main age range was the 50-59 years old group, with 49 females (32%) and 5 males (15%). About 65.5% of the total of patients (131) had severe pain (Numeric Rating Sacale was 9.01). Mixed pain was predominant, affecting 108 patients (92 females and 16 males, what represents 55% and 47% of the total of females and males, respectively, that participate in the study). The most prevalent anatomical pain (159 patients, 131 females and 28 males) was in the lower limbs. Lower back pain was present in 113 of the 200 patients (94 females and 19 males). In the 30-39, 50-59, 60-69 years old group, the results for pain locations were significant: p=0.01, p=0.0069, p=0.0003, respectively. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of chronic pain was associated with females in 50-59 years old and severe mixed pain. It was located mainly in lower limbs and lumbar region. The most frequent diagnosis was low back pain followed by fibromyalgia. The patients were informed about their disease and treatment.

Implementing a chronic pain ambulatory care: preliminary results / Implementação de atendimento ambulatorial para dor crônica: resultados preliminares

Abstract Background and objectives: Pain is one of the most common reason for seeking medical care. This study aimed to analyze patients with chronic pain in Maricá, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Methods: A transversal retrospective study with 200 patients, who were treated in ambulatory care in a public hospital from June 2014 to December 2015. The variables considered were: pain intensity, type of pain, anatomical location, diagnosis and treatment. The data were statistically analyzed, the Fisher's exact test was applied, and the probability p was significant when ≤0.05. Results: We analyzed 200 patients with chronic pain, most of them female (83%). Mean age was 58.6 ± 13.01 years old. The patients were classified in groups by age, six groups with ten years of difference between them. Main age range was the 50-59 years old group, with 49 females (32%) and 5 males (15%). About 65.5% of the total of patients (131) had severe pain (Numeric Rating Sacale was 9.01). Mixed pain was predominant, affecting 108 patients (92 females and 16 males, what represents 55% and 47% of the total of females and males, respectively, that participate in the study). The most prevalent anatomical pain (159 patients, 131 females and 28 males) was in the lower limbs. Lower back pain was present in 113 of the 200 patients (94 females and 19 males). In the 30-39, 50-59, 60-69 years old group, the results for pain locations were significant: p = 0.01, p = 0.0069, p = 0.0003, respectively. Conclusion: The prevalence of chronic pain was associated with females in 50-59 years old and severe mixed pain. Pain was located mainly in lower limbs and lumbar region. The most frequent diagnosis was low back pain followed by fibromyalgia. The patients were informed about their disease and treatment.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivos: A dor é um dos motivos mais comuns para procurar atendimento médico. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar pacientes com dor crônica atendidos em Maricá, no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Métodos: Estudo transversal retrospectivo com 200 pacientes, atendidos em ambulatório de um hospital público no período de junho de 2014 a dezembro de 2015. As variáveis analisadas foram: intensidade da dor, tipo de dor, localização anatômica, diagnóstico e tratamento. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística, aplicou-se o teste exato de Fisher, e o valor p foi significativo quando ≤ 0,05. Resultados: Analisamos 200 pacientes com dor crônica, sendo a maioria mulheres (83%). A média de idade foi de 58,6 ± 13,01 anos. Os pacientes foram classificados em seis grupos de acordo com a faixa etária, com dez anos de diferença entre eles. O grupo principal foi entre 50-59 anos, com 49 mulheres (32%) e cinco homens (15%). Dos pacientes, 65,5% apresentaram dor intensa (Escala Visual Numérica 9,01). A dor mista foi prevalente, afetou 108 pacientes (92 mulheres e 16 homens, o que representa 55% e 47% do total de mulheres e homens, respectivamente). A dor anatômica mais prevalente (159 pacientes, 131 mulheres e 28 homens) foi nos membros inferiores. A dor na parte inferior das costas estava presente em 113 das 200 pessoas analisadas (94% mulheres e 19% homens). Nos grupos entre 30-39, 50-59 e 60-69 anos, os resultados para a localização da dor foram significativos: p = 0,01, p = 0,0069, p = 0,0003, respectivamente. Conclusão: A prevalência de dor crônica foi associada ao sexo feminino na faixa de 50-59 anos e à dor mista intensa. A dor foi localizada principalmente nos membros inferiores e na região lombar. O diagnóstico mais frequente foi de lombalgia seguida de fibromialgia. Os pacientes foram informados sobre suas doenças e tratamento.

Use Profile of Magnesium Sulfate in Anesthesia in Brazil.

Objectives: The use of magnesium sulfate in the perioperative period has several benefits, including analgesia, inhibition of the release of catecholamines and prevention of vasospasm. The aim of this survey was to provide an overview of the use of magnesium sulfate in anesthesia. Method: This was a prospective descriptive cross-sectional study. An online questionnaire was sent to 9,869 Brazilian anesthesiologists and trainees. The questionnaire comprised closed questions mainly regarding the frequency, clinical effects, adverse events, and doses of magnesium sulfate used in anesthesia. Results: Of the 954 doctors who responded to the survey, 337 (35.32%) reported using magnesium sulfate in anesthesia. The most commonly cited clinical effects for the use of magnesium sulfate in anesthesia were (n/%): postoperative analgesia (245/72.70%), reduction of anesthetic consumption (240/71.21%) and prevention and treatment of preeclampsia and seizures in eclampsia (220/65.28%). The most frequently reported adverse events were hypotension (187/55.48%), residual neuromuscular blockade (133/39.46%), hypermagnesemia (30/8.90%), and intravenous injection pain (26/7.71%). The intravenous doses of magnesium sulfate used in most general anesthesia inductions were between 30 and 40 mg.kg-1. Conclusions: Magnesium sulfate is an important adjuvant drug in the practice of anesthesia, with several clinical effects and a low incidence of adverse events when used at recommended doses.

A 50-50% mixture of nitrous oxide-oxygen in transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy: A randomized and prospective clinical trial.

INTRODUCTION: Transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy (TUSPB) is the standard method of diagnosis for prostate cancer, and although it is well tolerated by some patients, it presents a discomfort rate of 65 to 90%, which may be associated with pain. For convenience, it is agreed that a method of analgesia and sedation is necessary. For this purpose, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of inhalation of a 50-50% N2O-O2 gas mixture on pain intensity in these patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Randomized, double-blinded clinical trial, conducted at Antônio Pedro University Hospital (Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro), Niterói, RJ, Brazil, containing two groups of 42 patients: a control (C) group, which received 100% oxygen inhalation, and a nitrous oxide (NO) group, which received inhalation of the 50-50% N2O-O2 mixture, self-administered during TUSPB. The pain intensity and degree of satisfaction were evaluated through a visual analogue scale (VAS), as was the frequency of adverse events. RESULTS: Eighty-four patients were included in the study, with 42 in each group. The mean pain intensity was lower in the NO group than in the C group [2.52 (0-10) vs 5.95 (0-10), p < 0.001], and the degree of satisfaction was higher in the NO group than in the C group (8.14 vs. 4.69, p < 0.001). The adverse effects were somnolence, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, discomfort and euphoria without differences between the groups. CONCLUSION: The 50-50% N2O-O2 mixture was effective in reducing pain intensity and increasing the degree of satisfaction in TUSPB, with tolerable side effects.

Burnout e depressão em residentes de um Programa Multiprofissional em Oncologia: estudo longitudinal prospectivo / Burnout and depression in residents of a Multi-professional Program in Oncology: a longitudinal prospective study

RESUMO A residência multiprofissional é uma modalidade de especialização lato sensu que se caracteriza pelo treinamento em serviço. A escassa experiência profissional prévia, a extensa carga horária do programa e o duplo papel do estudante-trabalhador podem levar o residente ao adoecimento. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a ocorrência de síndrome de burnout e de depressão entre residentes de um programa multiprofissional em oncologia. Trata-se de estudo prospectivo longitudinal com 46 residentes de um programa de residência multiprofissional em oncologia. Foram utilizados três instrumentos de coleta de informações: um para identificar características sociodemográficas e afastamentos por motivos de saúde; o Maslach Burnout Inventory; e, o Inventário de Depressão de Beck. Os instrumentos de coleta de dados foram aplicados, nos mesmos participantes do estudo, em 3 momentos ao longo de dois anos: no início, no final do primeiro e do segundo ano da residência. Os resultados referentes às características sociodemográficas, à intensidade das três dimensões do burnout, à frequência da síndrome de burnout e à frequência e intensidade da depressão foram analisados por estatística descritiva. O teste exato de Fisher foi aplicado para análise de correlação entre as variáveis relacionadas aos hábitos pessoais e aos afastamentos por motivos de saúde com a presença de síndrome de burnout ou de depressão. Os scores dos três aspectos do burnout e da depressão nos 3 momentos estudados foram comparados utilizando o teste de Wilcoxon. Ao final do estudo identificou-se que 75,0% dos participantes apresentaram síndrome de burnout e 72,5% tiveram algum nível de depressão. Quanto aos componentes do burnout, houve aumento dos scores de exaustão emocional e baixa realização pessoal. Também houve aumento da frequência e da intensidade de depressão. Observou-se correlação positiva entre afastamento por motivos de saúde e presença de burnout e entre ocorrência de síndrome de burnout e casos de depressão. A síndrome de burnout esteve correlacionada com ocorrência de depressão e ambos os problemas tiveram aumento significativo ao longo do programa de residência. Os achados apontam para a gravidade do problema, considerando que ambas as condições apareceram no primeiro ano de curso. Estratégias para prevenção e controle são necessárias, a fim de minimizar as consequências na aprendizagem, na qualidade de vida dos residentes e na assistência prestada aos pacientes com câncer.

ABSTRACT The multi-professional residency is a modality of a lato sensu specialization course characterized by in-service training. The lack of previous professional experience, the extensive workload of the program and the dual role of the student-worker can lead the resident to illness. The aim of this study was to analyze the occurrence of burnout syndrome and depression among residents of a multi-professional program in oncology. This is a prospective longitudinal study with 46 residents of a multi-professional residency program in oncology. Three instruments of information collection were used: one to identify sociodemographic characteristics and absence for health reasons; Maslach Burnout Inventory; and Beck Depression Inventory. The data collection instruments were applied among the same participants of the study, in three instances over a two-year period: at the beginning, at the end of the first and of the second years of residence. The results regarding the sociodemographic characteristics, the intensity of the three dimensions of burnout, the frequency of burnout syndrome and the frequency and intensity of depression were analyzed by descriptive statistics. Fisher's exact test was applied to analyze the correlation between variables related to personal habits and leave of absence for health reasons with the presence of burnout syndrome or depression. The scores of the three aspects of burnout and depression in the three instances studied were compared using the Wilcoxon test. At the end of the study, it was identified that 75.0% of the participants presented burnout syndrome and 72.5% had some level of depression. As for the subscales of burnout, there was an increase in emotional exhaustion and in low personal accomplishment. There was also an increase in the frequency and intensity of depression. There was a positive correlation between leave of absence for health reasons and the presence of burnout and between the occurrence of burnout syndrome and cases of depression. Burnout syndrome was correlated to the occurrence of depression and both problems displayed significant increase throughout the residency program. The findings point to the severity of the problem, considering that both conditions appeared in the first year of the course. Strategies for prevention and control are necessary to minimize the consequences on learning, residents' quality of life and the care provided to cancer patients.

Severe Intraoperative Shock Related to Mesenteric Traction Syndrome.

Mesenteric traction syndrome is defined as arterial hypotension, facial flushing, and tachycardia related to mesenteric traction. We describe a case of mesenteric traction syndrome refractory to catecholamine and vasopressin infusions. The patient, who had Crohn disease, developed severe distributive shock after mesenteric traction while undergoing resection of an intestinal inflammatory mass, accompanied by facial flushing and unaltered readings for pulse oximetry, capnography, and bispectral index monitoring. The absence of tachycardia in this case was attributed to long-term use of timolol. Arterial pressure returned to baseline level after approximately 30 minutes, and the postoperative period was uneventful.

Survival rate and perioperative data of patients who have undergone hemipelvectomy: a retrospective case series.

BACKGROUND: Hemipelvectomy is a major orthopedic surgical procedure indicated in specific situations. Although many studies discuss surgical techniques for hemipelvectomy, few studies have presented survival data, especially in underdeveloped countries. Additionally, there is limited information on anesthesia for orthopedic oncologic surgeries. The primary aim of this study was to determine the survival rate after hemipelvectomy, and the secondary aims were to evaluate anesthesia and perioperative care associated with hemipelvectomy and determine the influence of the surgical technique (external hemipelvectomy [amputation] or internal hemipelvectomy [limb sparing surgery]) on anesthesia and perioperative care in Brazil. METHODS: This retrospective case series collected data from 35 adult patients who underwent hemipelvectomy between 2000 and 2013. Survival rates after surgery were determined, and group comparisons were performed using the Kaplan-Meier method and the log-rank test. Mantel-Cox test and multiple linear regression analysis with stepwise forward selection were performed for univariate and multivariate analyses, respectively. RESULTS: Mean survival time was 32.8 ± 4.6 months and 5-year survival rate was 27 %. Of the 35 patients, 23 patients (65.7 %) underwent external hemipelvectomy and 12 patients (34.3 %) underwent internal hemipelvectomy. The survival rate was significantly higher in patients with bone tumors than in those with soft tissue sarcomas (P = 0.024). The 5-year cumulative probability of survival was significantly lower in patients who underwent external hemipelvectomy than in those who underwent internal hemipelvectomy (P = 0.043). In the univariate and multivariate analyses, only advanced disease stage (3 and 4) was identified as a significant independent predictor of reduced survival (P = 0.0003). Balanced general anesthesia combined with epidural block was the most frequent anesthesia technique. Median intraoperative crystalloid volume and red blood cell transfusions were 3500 mL and 2 units, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Overall mean survival time after hemipelvectomy was 32.8 months. Advanced disease stage might be independently associated with reduced survival. Smaller amounts of fluids and transfusions were administered and time to discharge was shorter. Acute and chronic pain as well as wound complications are still important challenges in hemipelvectomy.

Perfil de ingressantes nos programas de residência médica do Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva no período de 2013 a 2015 / Profile of entrants in medical residency programs of National Cancer Institute José Alencar Gomes da Silva in the period from 2013 to 2015 / Perfil de ingresado en programas de residencia médica del Instituto Nacional de Cáncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva durante el periodo de 2013 hasta 2015

Introdução: O conhecimento do perfil de ingressantes pode servir de base para intervenções no processo ensino- -aprendizagem e na administração dos programas de residência médica. Objetivo: Identificar os perfis socioeconômicos, as características educacionais pregressas e as motivações e expectativas dos ingressantes nos programas de residência médica do Instituto Nacional do Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva (INCA), ao longo do triênio 2013-2015. Método: Trata-se de um estudo de natureza descritiva. Foram utilizadas fontes de dados administrativos obtidos por meio de instrumento de cadastro não obrigatório e anônimo oferecido no momento da matrícula nos programas. Resultados: Os resultados demonstraram que a maior parte dos ingressantes é do gênero feminino, de cor de pele branca, solteira e sem filhos, reside na região Sudeste, tem o pai como chefe de família, exerce algum tipo de atividade profissional remunerada, pretende morar no alojamento do INCA durante o curso, escolheu a especialidade por razões pessoais e para realização profissional, tem interesse em pesquisa científica e escolheu o INCA pela qualidade da assistência, corpo clínico e infraestrutura, assim como, pela qualidade dos programas de residência médica. Conclusão: Foi possível conhecer o perfil dos ingressantes por meio dos aspectos investigados. A qualidade das ações desenvolvidas e o interesse em participar de pesquisas científicas na instituição têm sido atrativos para os residentes médicos na escolha do INCA como ambiente adequado para sua qualificação.

Introduction: Knowing the profile of new students can serve as the basis for interventions in the teaching-learning process as well the administration of medical residency programs. Objective: To identify socioeconomic profiles, educational characteristics, motivations and expectations of new medical residents at the National Cancer Institute José Alencar Gomes da Silva (INCA), over the three years 2013-2015. Method: This is a descriptive study. The administrative data used were obtained from an optional and anonymous register offered at the time of enrollment in the programs. Results: The results showed that the majority of new residents are female, white, single and childless, live in the Southeast region, with the father as head of the family, have some kind of remunerated professional activity, want to live in INCA accommodation during the course, chose their specialty for personal reasons and for professional fulfillment, have an interest in scientific research and chose the INCA for the quality of care, clinical staff and infrastructure, as well as the quality of medical residency programs. Conclusion: It was possible to discover the profile of entrants through the investigated aspects. The quality of the actions developed and the interest in participating in scientific research at the institution influenced residents in choosing INCA for their qualification.

Introducción: El conocimiento del perfil de los participantes puede servir de base para las intervenciones en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje y administración de los programas de residencia médica. Objetivo: Identificar los perfiles socioeconómicos, características educativas, las motivaciones y expectativas de los ingresados en programas de residencia médica del Instituto Nacional del Cáncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva (INCA) en Brasil, durante el trienio 2013-2015. Método: Se trata de un estudio de carácter descriptivo. Fueron utilizados datos administrativos obtenidos por medio de la herramienta de registro opcional y anónimo ofrecido en el momento de la inscripción en los programas. Resultados: Los resultados mostraron que la mayoría de los participantes son mujeres, color de piel blanca, solteras y sin hijos, residentes en el Sureste, tienen el padre como jefe de familia, ejercen algún tipo de actividad profesional remunerada, quieren vivir en alojamiento del INCA durante el curso, optaron por la especialidad por razones personales y para realización profesional, tiene interés en la investigación científica y eligió el INCA por la calidad de la atención, el personal clínico y la infraestructura, así como por la calidad de los programas de residencia médica. Conclusión: Fue posible conocer el perfil del ingresado a través de los aspectos investigados. La calidad de las acciones desarrolladas y el interés en participar en la investigación científica en la institución tienen influencia en la elección del médico residente para obtener la calificación en INCA.

Derivados canabinóides e o tratamento farmacológico da dor / Cannabinoid derivatives and the pharmacological management of pain

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: As propriedades medicinais da Cannabis sativa têm sido relatadas por muitos séculos para o tratamento de diversos distúrbios e, mais recentemente, para o tratamento da dor. O objetivo deste estudo foi revisar os principais avanços na farmacologia do sistema endocanabinóide e no potencial uso terapêutico de alguns compostos canabinóides no tratamento de diversas formas de dor. CONTEÚDO: Foi realizada uma busca nos bancos de dados Pubmed, Scielo e Lilacs, identificando-se estudos e revisões da literatura sobre a farmacologia e o uso terapêutico de substâncias canabinóides em dor. Nessa busca foram utilizadas as seguintes palavras-chaves: Cannabis sativa, tetra-hidrocanabinol, canabidiol, sativex®, cannador®, canabinóides, endocanabinóide, dor e dor neuropática. Os canabinóides sintéticos e os extratos de Cannabis sativa apresentaram efeito analgésico em diversos ensaios clínicos, sugerindo um potencial papel no tratamento da dor, em particular naquela de origem neuropática. Os canabinóides sintéticos e os extratos de Cannabis sativatambém apresentaram efeitos ansiolíticos quando usados como adjuvantes no tratamento da dor no câncer, na artrite reumatoide e na esclerose múltipla. Porém, efeitos adversos significativos, como euforia, depressão e sedação limitam o uso clínico desses agentes canabinóides. CONCLUSÃO: Um melhor conhecimento sobre a farmacologia do sistema endocanabinóide, juntamente com os resultados dos estudos envolvendo o tratamento da dor com substâncias de natureza canabinóide, podem ser de grande valor para o desenvolvimento de fármacos que permitam um avanço significativo na terapêutica de pacientes portadores de síndromes dolorosas, em particular nos casos de difícil controle. Porém, mais estudos são necessários para confirmar esses resultados e determinar a segurança desses compostos.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Medical properties of Cannabis sativa have been reported for centuries for the treatment of diff ent disorders and, more recently, to manage pain. Th study aimed at reviewing major pharmacological advances of the endocannabinoid system and the potential therapeutic use of some cannabinoid compounds to manage diff ent types of pain. CONTENTS: A search was carried out in Pubmed, Scielo and Lilacs databases to identify studies and literature reviews on the pharmacology and therapeutic use of cannabinoids for pain. The following keywords were used: Cannabis sativa, tetra-hydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, sativex®, cannador®, cannabinoids, endocannabinoid, pain and neuropathic pain. Synthetic cannabinoids and Cannabis sativa extracts have shown analgesic effects in several clinical trials, suggesting their potential role for pain management, especially neuropathic pain. Synthetic cannabinoids and CS extracts have also induced anxiolytic effects when used as adjuvants to treat cancer pain, rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis. However, significant adverse effects, such as euphoria, depression and sedation limit the clinical use of such cannabinoids. CONCLUSION: Further understanding of endocannabinoid system pharmacology, together with study results involving pain management with cannabinoid substances may be very useful for the development of drugs allowing a significant advance in the treatment of patients with painful syndromes, especially difficult to control. However, further studies are needed to confirm such findings and to determine the safety of such compounds.

A Randomized Blinded Study of the Left Ventricular Myocardial Performance Index Comparing Epinephrine to Levosimendan following Cardiopulmonary Bypass.

BACKGROUND: The objective was to evaluate the effect of epinephrine and levosimendan on the left ventricle myocardial performance index in patients undergoing on-pump coronary artery by-pass grafting (CABG). METHODS: In a double-blind, randomized clinical trial, 81 patients (age: 45-65 years) of both genders were randomly divided to receive either epinephrine at a dosage of 0.06 mcg.kg(1).min(-1) (epinephrine group, 39 patients) or levosimendan at 0.2 mcg.kg(1).min(-1) (levosimendan group, 42 patients) during the rewarming of cardiopulmonary by-pass (CPB). Hemodynamic data were collected 30 minutes after tracheal intubation, before chest open (pre-CPB) and 10 minutes after termination of protamine (post-CPB). As the primary outcome, we evaluated the left ventricle myocardial performance index by the Doppler echocardiography. The myocardial performance index is the sum of the isovolumetric contraction time and the isovolumetric relaxation time, divided by the ejection time. Secondary outcomes were systolic and diastolic evaluations of the left ventricle and postoperative troponin I and MB-CK levels. RESULTS: Of the 81 patients allocated to the research, we excluded 2 patients in the epinephrine group and 6 patients in the levosimendan group because they didn't wean from CPB in the first attempt. There was no statistical difference between the groups in terms of patient characteristics, risk factors, or CPB time. The epinephrine group had a lower left ventricle myocardial performance index (p = 0.0013), higher cardiac index (p = 0.03), lower systemic vascular resistance index (p = 0.01), and higher heart rate (p = 0.04) than the levosimendan group at the post-CPB period. There were no differences between the groups in diastolic dysfunction. The epinephrine group showed higher incidence of weaning from CPB in the first attempt (95% vs 85%, p = 0.0001) when compared to the levosimendan group and the norepinephrine requirement was higher in the levosimenandan group than epinephrine group (16% vs. 47%; p = 0.005) in post-CPB period. Twenty-four hours after surgery, the plasma levels of troponin I (epinephrine group: 4.5 ± 5.7 vs. levosimendan group: 2.5 ± 3.2 g/dl; p = 0.09) and MB-CK (epinephrine group: 50.7 ± 31 vs. levosimendan group: 37 ± 17.6 g/dl; p = 0.08) were not significantly different between the two groups. CONCLUSION: When compared to levosimendan, patients treated with epinephrine had a lower left ventricle myocardial performance index in the immediate post-CPB period, encouraging an efficient weaning from CPB in patients undergoing on-pump CABG. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01616069.

Use of neuromuscular blockers in Brazil / Uso de bloqueadores neuromusculares no Brasil

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to evaluate how Brazilian anesthesiologists are using neuromuscular blockers, focusing on how they establish the diagnosis of postoperative residual curarization and the incidence of complications associated with the use of neuromuscular blockers. A questionnaire was sent to anesthesiologists inviting them to participate in the study. The online data collection remained open from March 2012 to June 2013. During the study period, 1296 responses were collected. Rocuronium, atracurium, and cisatracurium were the main neuromuscular blockers used in cases of elective surgery. Succinylcholine and rocuronium were the main neuromuscular blockers used in cases of emergency surgery. Less than 15% of anesthesiologists reported the frequent use of neuromuscular function monitors. Only 18% of those involved in the study reported that all workplaces have such a monitor. Most respondents reported using only the clinical criteria to assess whether the patient is recovered from the muscle relaxant. Most respondents also reported always using some form of neuromuscular blockade reversal. The major complications attributed to neuromuscular blockers were residual curarization and prolonged blockade. Eighteen anesthesiologists reported death attributed to neuromuscular blockers. Residual or prolonged blockade is possibly recorded as a result of the high rate of using clinical criteria to diagnose whether the patient has recovered or not from motor block and, as a corollary, the poor use of neuromuscular transmission monitors in daily practice.

RESUMOO objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar como os anestesiologistas brasileiros estão usando os bloqueadores neuromusculares (BNM), com foco na forma de estabelecer o diagnóstico da curarização residual pós-operatória e a incidência de complicações atribuídas ao uso de BNM. Um questionário foi enviado a anestesiologistas convidando-os a participar da pesquisa (tabela 1). A coleta online de dados permaneceu aberta de março de 2012 a junho de 2013. Durante o período de estudo foram coletadas 1.296 respostas. Rocurônio, atracúrio e cisatracúrio foram os principais bloqueadores neuromusculares usados em casos de cirurgia eletiva. Succinilcolina e rocurônio foram os principais BNM usados em casos de cirurgia de emergência. Menos de 15% dos anestesiologistas referiram que usam frequentemente monitores da função neuromuscular. Apenas 18% dos envolvidos no estudo referiram que todos os locais de trabalho têm tal monitor. A maioria dos entrevistados afirmou que usa somente o critério clínico para avaliar se o paciente está recuperado do relaxante. A maioria dos entrevistados também relatou que sempre usa algum tipo de reversão de bloqueio neuromuscular. As principais complicações atribuídas aos BNM foram curarização residual e bloqueio prolongado. Houve relato por 18 anestesiologistas de óbito atribuído a BNM. O bloqueio residual ou prolongado se registra, possivelmente, como consequência do alto índice do uso de critérios clínicos para diagnosticar se o paciente está recuperado ou não do bloqueio motor e, como um corolário, o baixo uso de monitores da transmissão neuromuscular na prática diária.

Use of neuromuscular blockers in Brazil.

The objective of this study was to evaluate how Brazilian anesthesiologists are using neuromuscular blockers, focusing on how they establish the diagnosis of postoperative residual curarization and the incidence of complications associated with the use of neuromuscular blockers. A questionnaire was sent to anesthesiologists inviting them to participate in the study. The online data collection remained open from March 2012 to June 2013. During the study period, 1296 responses were collected. Rocuronium, atracurium, and cisatracurium were the main neuromuscular blockers used in cases of elective surgery. Succinylcholine and rocuronium were the main neuromuscular blockers used in cases of emergency surgery. Less than 15% of anesthesiologists reported the frequent use of neuromuscular function monitors. Only 18% of those involved in the study reported that all workplaces have such a monitor. Most respondents reported using only the clinical criteria to assess whether the patient is recovered from the muscle relaxant. Most respondents also reported always using some form of neuromuscular blockade reversal. The major complications attributed to neuromuscular blockers were residual curarization and prolonged blockade. Eighteen anesthesiologists reported death attributed to neuromuscular blockers. Residual or prolonged blockade is possibly recorded as a result of the high rate of using clinical criteria to diagnose whether the patient has recovered or not from motor block and, as a corollary, the poor use of neuromuscular transmission monitors in daily practice.